Miguel Gregorio Antonio Ignacio Hidalgo y Costilla y Gallaga Mondarte Villaseñor( 8 May 1753– 30 July 1811), more commonly known asMiguel Hidalgo y Costillaor simplyMiguel Hidalgo, wasa Mexicanpriest and a leader of theMexican War of Independence.
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in North America . It is bordered on the north by the United States ; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala , Belize , 
and the Caribbean Sea ; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico . Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000sqmi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the 13th largest independent nation in the world . With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous and the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world and the second most populous country in Latin America . Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District , its capital and largest city .
In pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec , the Toltec , the Teotihuacan , the Zapotec , the Maya and the Aztec before first contact with Europeans . In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan , which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain . This territory would eventually become Mexico following recognition of the colonys independence in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability , the Mexican-American War that led to the territorial cession to the United States, the Pastry War , the Franco-Mexican War , a civil war , two empires and a domestic dictatorship . The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system . In March 1938, through the Mexican oil expropriation private U.S. and Anglo -Dutch oil companies were nationalized to create the state-owned Pemex oil company.
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