Besides appearing on Leave It to Beaver, Fafara appeared in episodes of various television series including Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, Private Secretary, Lassie, The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin, Make Room for Daddy, The Donna Reed Show, Wagon Train, and My Three Sons. He also had minor roles in the 1955 drama Good Morning, Miss Dove (Fafara and his brother Stanley portrayed the role of the same character as a child) and the 1957 melodrama All Mine to Give. Fafara left Leave It to Beaver in 1960 and stopped acting professionally in 1961.
Lucas "Luke" Fafara II (born January 3, 1945), also known as Tiger Fafara, is a former American child actor best known for portraying the role of "Tooey Brown" on the sitcom Leave It to Beaver.
Career
Born in San Francisco, California, Fafara is the older brother of Stanley Fafara. Both boys were raised in Studio City, Los Angeles and began acting in film and television in the mid-1950s. Both were hired to appear on Leave It to Beaver after their mother took them to an open casting call. "Tiger" Fafara was cast as "Tooey Brown," a friend of Wally Cleaver while Stanley was cast as Beaver Cleavers friend Hubert "Whitey" Whitney.[1]
Besides appearing on Leave It to Beaver, Fafara appeared in episodes of various television series including Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, Private Secretary, Lassie, The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin, Make Room for Daddy, The Donna Reed Show, Wagon Train, and My Three Sons. He also had minor roles in the 1955 drama Good Morning, Miss Dove (Fafara and his brother Stanley portrayed the role of the same character as a child) and the 1957 melodrama All Mine to Give. Fafara left Leave It to Beaver in 1960 and stopped acting professionally in 1961.
Fafara returned to acting in 1983 with an appearance as the adult Tooey Brown in the television reunion film Still the Beaver.[2] He reprised the role in the follow-up sitcom The New Leave It to Beaver, from 1983 to 1987.
Personal life
He is the father of Dez Fafara, the vocalist of heavy metal bands DevilDriver and Coal Chamber.[3]
Filmography
YearTitleRoleNotes
1953The Hank McCune ShowOctober 25, 1953 episode
1954Cavalcade of AmericaEpisode: "Man of Glass: The Story of a Glassmaker"
1954Schlitz Playhouse of StarsEpisode: "The Plugged Nickel"
1954Four Star Playhouse2 episodes
1955Good Morning, Miss DoveFred Makepeace - Age 12Uncredited
1955Fireside TheaterHoraceEpisode: "Woman at Sea"
1955Screen Directors PlayhouseBobbyEpisode: "Rookie of the Year"
1955TV Readers DigestSecond Wise ManEpisode: "When the Wise Men Appeared"
1955Climax!Episode: "The Day They Gave Babies Away"
1956I Led Three LivesJoe LawrenceEpisode: "Historical Society"
1956Private SecretaryDickie DarlingEpisode: "Old Dog, New Tricks"
1956My Friend FlickaTuck2 episodes
1956LassieSchoolboyEpisode: "Friendship"
1956-1957The Adventures of Rin Tin TinAlfred
Buddy2 episodes
1957Make Room for DaddyEddie - Boy at OrphanageEpisode: "The Orphan Asylum"
1957All Mine to GiveBit partUncredited
1957Telephone TimeJimmy BrantingEpisode: "Stranded"
1957The Life and Legend of Wyatt EarpBenny BurkettEpisode: "The Good and Perfect Gift"
1957-1960Leave It to BeaverTooey Brown19 episodes
1958Wagon TrainJohnny OMalleyEpisode: "The Luke OMalley Story"
1958M SquadTommyEpisode: "The Long Ride"
1958Shirley Temples StorybookEpisode: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow"
1959Law of the PlainsmanRoy GarnettEpisode: "The Hostiles"
1960The Donna Reed ShowCharlieEpisode: "Pickles for Charity"
1961My Three SonsRogerEpisode: "Fire Watch"
1983Still the BeaverTooey BrownTelevision movie
Credited as Luke Fafara
1983-1987The New Leave It to BeaverTooey Brown3 episodes
Credited as Luke "Tiger" Fafara
Leave It to Beaver is an American television situation comedy that follows the misadventures of a suburban boy, his family and his friends. It stars Barbara Billingsley, Hugh Beaumont, Tony Dow and Jerry Mathers ("as The Beaver", as the opening credits put it).
CBS first broadcast the show on October 4, 1957, but dropped it after one season. ABC picked it up and aired it for another five years, from October 2, 1958, to June 20, 1963. It proved to be a scheduling challenge for both networks, moving through four time slots (Wednesday through Saturday evenings) over the course of its run.[1] The series was produced by Gomalco Productions from 1957 to 1961, and then by Kayro Productions from 1961 to 1963. It was distributed by Revue Studios.
Leave It to Beaver never broke into the Nielsen Ratings top 30 in its six-season run. However, it proved to be much more popular in reruns. It also led to an unsuccessful 1997 film of the same name.
Premise
The show is built around young Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver (Jerry Mathers) and the trouble he gets himself into while navigating an often-incomprehensible, sometimes illogical world. Supposedly, when he was a baby, his older brother Wallace "Wally" (Tony Dow) mispronounced "Theodore" as "Tweedor". Their firm-but-loving parents, Ward (Hugh Beaumont) and June Cleaver (Barbara Billingsley), felt "Beaver" sounded better. Conversely, Mathers has said that the real reason for the name "Beaver" is that one of the shows writers, Joe Connelly, had a shipmate named "The Beaver" in World War II; from that came the familys name, "Cleaver."[2]
Beavers friends include the perpetually apple-munching Larry Mondello (Rusty Stevens) in the early seasons, and, later, Gilbert Bates (Stephen Talbot), as well as the old fireman, Gus (Burt Mustin). His sweet-natured-but-no-nonsense elementary school teachers are Miss Canfield (to whom Beaver declares his love in the episode entitled "Beavers Crush") (Diane Brewster), Miss Landers (Sue Randall) and Mrs. Rayburn (Doris Packer), the schools principal. In the early seasons, Beavers nemesis in class is Judy Hensler (Jeri Weil).
In its first season, Beavers brother Wally was in eighth grade and 13 years old, while Beaver was 7 and in second grade—a six-year age difference; in real life, the two actors were only three years apart. By the series end, the boys were inexplicably only four years apart, with Wally graduating from high school and Beaver graduating from grammar school. Wally is popular with both peers and adults, getting into trouble much less frequently than some of the other characters. He letters in three sports. He has little difficulty attracting girlfriends, among them Mary Ellen Rogers (Pamela Baird) and Julie Foster (Cheryl Holdridge). His pals include the awkward Clarence "Lumpy" Rutherford (Frank Bank) and smart aleck Eddie Haskell (Ken Osmond), the archetype of the two-faced wise guy, a braggart among his peers and an obsequious yes man to the adults he mocks behind their backs. Eddie often picks on the Beaver.
The family lives in the fictional town of Mayfield. Beaver attends Grant Ave. Grammar School, and Wally, Mayfield High School (after graduating from Grant Ave. in season one).
Cast
The Cleaver family
Main characters
Barbara Billingsley as June Cleaver: Billingsley has said that June Cleavers wardrobe was more than a fashion statement.[citation needed] The pearl necklace hid a hollow (caused by a surgical scar) in her neck which would have caused shadows[3] and high-heeled shoes were employed to offset the boys growing height.
Hugh Beaumont as Ward Cleaver: Before he made Ward Cleaver his acting trademark, Beaumont sometimes played villains in film and television. He directed a number of Leave It to Beaver episodes in the last two seasons, including the final one, the retrospective "Family Scrapbook".
Tony Dow as Wally Cleaver
Jerry Mathers as Theodore "Beaver" Cleaver: The casting directors noticed that Mathers was uneasy at the auditions and asked him where he would rather be. Mathers replied that he would rather be at his Cub Scout den meeting, where he was going after the audition. That boyish innocence got Mathers the part of Beaver.[2]
Supporting characters
Ken Osmond as Eddie Haskell
Eddie Haskells parents played by:
Karl Swenson in two 1958 episodes, "Train Trip" and "Voodoo Magic"
Anne Barton in two 1963 episodes, "Summer in Alaska" and "The Credit Card"
George O. Petrie in two 1963 episodes, "Summer in Alaska" and "The Credit Card"
Diane Brewster as Miss Canfield (October 4, 1957 – March 21, 1958 air dates), Beavers first teacher at Grant Ave. Grammar School. Brewster also played Miss Simms in the pilot episode.
Sue Randall as Miss Alice Landers (October 16, 1958 – June 20, 1963), Beavers teacher, replacing Miss Canfield
Doris Packer as Mrs. Rayburn, the principal of Grant Avenue Grammar School
Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates (March 19, 1959 – June 6, 1963): Before settling in Mayfield, the Bates family traveled a lot due to Gilberts fathers work, and "Gil", as his father John Bates calls him, tends to make up stories about his family in order to get his classmates to accept him. He is referred to as Gilbert Harrison in the episode "The Dramatic Club" (March 11, 1961).
Rusty Stevens as Larry Mondello (November 22, 1957 – 1960)
Madge Blake as Margaret Mondello, Larrys mother
Richard Correll as Richard Rickover (April 30, 1960 – October 18, 1962)
Stanley Fafara as Hubert "Whitey" Whitney (October 4, 1957 – June 6, 1963)
Jeri Weil as Judy Hensler (October 4, 1957 – October 15, 1960)
Burt Mustin as Gus the fireman, head of Auxiliary Firehouse No. 7 (October 4, 1957 – February 24, 1962)
Frank Bank as Clarence "Lumpy" Rutherford
Richard Deacon as Fred Rutherford, Lumpys pompous, demanding father and Ward Cleavers equally pompous, smug co-worker
Buddy Hart as Chester Anderson
Tiger Fafara (Stanley Fafaras brother) as Tooey Brown, Wallys friend
Pamela Baird as Mary Ellen Rogers (April 16, 1958 – June 20, 1963), Wallys first girlfriend
Cheryl Holdridge as Julie Foster (January 7, 1961 – April 11, 1963), another of Wallys girlfriends
Episodes
Main article: List of Leave It to Beaver episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
Pilot
April 23, 1957
1
39October 4, 1957July 16, 1958
2
39October 2, 1958June 25, 1959
3
39October 3, 1959June 25, 1960
4
39October 1, 1960June 24, 1961
5
39September 30, 1961June 30, 1962
6
39September 27, 1962June 20, 1963
The pilot, titled "Its a Small World", aired on April 23, 1957.[4][5] It featured Max Showalter (credited as Casey Adams) as Ward Cleaver, and Paul Sullivan as Wally Cleaver. TBS re-aired the pilot on October 4, 1987, to commemorate the shows 30th anniversary. TV Land re-aired it on October 6, 2007, as part of their twenty-four-hour marathon to commemorate the shows 50th anniversary.[6] It is also available as a bonus episode on the season-one DVD; 234 episodes followed.
A voice-over by Hugh Beaumont precedes each episode in the first season, providing a background to that episodes theme, though these are omitted in airings on TV Land.
Opening titles
Season one: The characters are not shown. A drawing of a street, viewed from above, displays the credits in wet concrete.
Season two: Ward and June, standing at the bottom of the stairs, see the boys off to school as they come down the stairs and exit the front door.
Season three: Ward and June enter the boys bedroom to wake them.
Season four: Ward and June open the front door and stand on the stoop. As Wally, followed by Beaver, leave for school, June hands them their lunches; Ward gives them their jackets.
Season five: June takes refreshments to the men in the front yard.
Season six: June, carrying a picnic basket, walks from the front door towards the car. Ward, carrying a thermos jug for the picnic, is next, followed in quick succession by Wally. Beaver, lagging behind, runs out, slamming the door behind him. Ward, with June in the passenger seat and the boys in back, then reverses toward the camera.
Musical theme
The shows playfully-bouncy theme tune, which became as much of a show trademark as Beavers baseball cap or Eddie Haskells false obsequiousness, was "The Toy Parade," composed by David Kahn, Melvyn Leonard, and Mort Greene. For the final season, however, the song was given a jazz-like arrangement by veteran composer/arranger Pete Rugolo.
Syndication
Reruns of the show became part of CBS affiliates lineups in the mornings for several years. TBS aired the show for many years in the late 1980s. TV Land began airing it in July 1998, and MeTV in May 2013. Today, NBC Universal Television owns the syndication rights and all properties related to the series.
Spinoffs
A made-for-television reunion movie, Still the Beaver, appeared in 1983. The main original cast appeared, except for Beaumont, who had died the previous year. Ward Cleaver was still a presence, however: the films story used numerous flashbacks to the original show, as it followed young-adult Beavers struggle to reconcile divorce and newly minted single fatherhood, straining to cope with what his father might or might not have done, as he faces the possibility of his widowed mother selling their childhood home. June Cleaver is later elected to the Mayfield City Council.
Its reception led to a new first-run, made-for-cable series, The New Leave It to Beaver (1984–1989), with Beaver and Lumpy Rutherford running Wards old firm (where Lumpys pompous, demanding father — played by Richard Deacon in the original series — had been the senior partner), Wally as a practicing attorney and expectant father, June having sold the old house to Beaver himself but living with him as a doting grandmother to Beavers two young sons. Eddie Haskell runs his own contracting business and has a son, Freddie, who is every inch his fathers son — right down to the dual-personality.
Feature film
Main article: Leave It to Beaver (film)
1997s movie adaptation of the series starred Christopher McDonald as Ward, Janine Turner as June, Erik von Detten as Wally, and Cameron Finley as Beaver. It was panned by many critics, except for Roger Ebert, who gave it a three-star rating. It performed poorly at the box office, earning only $10,925,060 against a budget of $15 million.[7] Barbara Billingsley, Ken Osmond and Frank Bank made cameo appearances in the film.
Other media
Books
Beverly Cleary wrote three novels based on the show:[8]
Leave it to Beaver New York : Berkley, 1960. Berkley Medallion book, G406.[9]
Heres Beaver! New York : Berkley, 1961. Berkley Medallion book[10]
Beaver and Wally New York : Berkley, 1961. [11]
Juvenile books
Leave It to Beaver by Lawrence Alson New York : Golden Books, 1959
Leave It to Beaver: Fire by Cole Fannin Racine, Wisconsin; Whitman Publishing Company 1962[12][13]
There was also a novelization of the 1997 film:
Leave It to Beaver by Lisa Rojany-Buccieri Los Angeles, Calif. Price Stern Sloan 1997[14]
House
The Cleavers moved from 485 Mapleton Drive to 211 Pine Street, both in Mayfield, for the start of season three. In 1969, the house was reused for another Universal-produced television hit, Marcus Welby, M.D. This house can still be seen at Universal Studios, though the original façade was replaced in 1988 for the following years The Burbs and sits in storage elsewhere on the Universal lot. The façade was replaced again for the 1996 Leave It to Beaver movie.
Home media
Universal Studios released the first two seasons of Leave It to Beaver on DVD in Region 1 in 2005/2006.
On January 26, 2010, it was announced that Shout! Factory had acquired the rights to the series (under license from Universal). They subsequently released the remaining seasons on DVD as well as a complete series box set.[15]
On January 31, 2012, Shout! Factory released a 20 episode best-of set titled Leave It to Beaver: 20 Timeless Episodes.[16]
Universal Pictures Home Entertainment announced a release of the complete series on Blu-ray scheduled for November 14, 2023.[17]
DVD nameEp #Release dateRef(s)
The Complete First Season39November 22, 2005[18]
The Complete Second Season39May 2, 2006[19]
Season Three39June 15, 2010[20]
Season Four39September 14, 2010[21]
Season Five39December 14, 2010[22]
Season Six39March 1, 2011[23]
The Complete Series234June 29, 2010[24]
Urban legends
In the mid-1970s, Mathers appeared on The Tomorrow Show hosted by Tom Snyder. Snyder pointed out that Mathers had not worked for a long time and that there was rumor going around that he had been killed "in the war in Southeast Asia". Mathers replied that he heard that rumor and he had no idea how it started. The earliest appearance of the story in print was in a student newspaper at the University of Kansas in 1972. The author later admitted she only heard the story from someone who heard it at a party in Omaha, Nebraska earlier that year. The paper printed a retraction, but by then the story had spread throughout the U.S. The story was later attributed to a member of a defunct Omaha comedy improv group whose hobby was concocting outrageous stories and then convincing people they were true. "Beaver died in Vietnam" was a classic urban legend, memorable for its juxtaposition of idyllic 1950s imagery with the chaos and violence of the late 1960s.[25]
Another urban legend was that actor Ken Osmond (Eddie Haskell) became porn star John Holmes. Holmes took Osmonds name and did several movies satirically under the name "Eddie Haskell". It started because there was some facial resemblance between the two men, which porn distributors exploited by using the name Eddie Haskell in advertising Holmess films. "It was a pain in my butt for eleven years," says Osmond,[26] who brought a $25 million defamation suit against porn houses, producers and distributors. The suit went all the way to the California Supreme Court. The court ruled for Holmes, saying the name was protected as a satire. This case set a precedent in the matter, and is still referred to in other cases in California today.[27]
The term child actor or child actress is generally applied to a child acting on stage, television, or in movies. An adult who began their acting career as a child may also be called a child actor, or a "former child actor". Closely associated terms include teenage actor or teen actor, an actor who gained popularity as a teenager.
Famous earlier examples include Elizabeth Taylor, who started as a child star in the early 1940s in productions like National Velvet before becoming a popular film star as an adult in movies.
Many child actors find themselves struggling to adapt as they become adults, mainly due to typecasting. Macaulay Culkin and Lindsay Lohan are two particular famous child actors who eventually experienced much difficulty with the fame they acquired at a young age. Some child actors do go on to have successful acting careers as adults; notable actors who first gained fame as children include Mickey Rooney, Tim Matheson, Drew Barrymore, Shia LaBeouf, Jake Gyllenhaal, Mila Kunis, and Molly Ringwald. Other child actors have gone on to successful careers in other fields, including director Ron Howard, politicians Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński, and singer Jenny Lewis.
Regulation
In the United States, the activities of child actors are regulated by the governing labor union, if any, and state laws. Some projects film in distant locations specifically to evade regulations intended to protect the child. Longer work hours or risky stunts prohibited by California, for example, might be permitted to a project filming in British Columbia. US federal law "specifically exempted minors working in the entertainment business from all provisions of the child labor Laws."[citation needed] Any regulation of child actors is governed by disparate state laws.
California
Due to the large presence of the entertainment industry in Hollywood, the state of California has some of the most explicit laws protecting child actors. Being a minor, a child actor must secure an entertainment work permit before accepting any paid work. Compulsory education laws mandate that the education of the child actor not be disrupted while the child is working, whether the child actor is enrolled in public school, private school or even home school. The child does their schoolwork under the supervision of a studio teacher while on the set.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, a child actor is defined as someone under school leaving age.[1] Before a child can work, they require a performance license from their Local Education Authority as well as a licensed chaperone; a parent can only chaperone their own child, and a chaperones duties include acting in loco parentis and recording arrivals and departure time from the work place, the time a child is working, their breaks, and the amount of tutoring.[1][2] A child requires minimum of three hours of tutoring daily and a lesson must be a minimum of 30 minutes to count towards the total and with regards to 16 and 17-year-old in further education, considerations are made in regards to their studies.[3]
There are regulations and guidance to safeguard all actors under the age of 18; OFCOM guidance states a childs health and safety, well-being and welfare are paramount in television production and factors such as their age, maturity and life experiences can affect their performance.[4] OFCOM also advises that broadcasters undertake risk assessments, consider seeking expert advice and follow best practices.[4]
Issues
Ownership of earnings
In the United States before the 1930s, many child actors never got to see the money they earned because they were not in charge of this money. Jackie Coogan earned millions of dollars from working as a child actor only to see most of it squandered by his parents. In 1939, California weighed in on this controversy and enacted the Coogan Bill, which requires a portion of the earnings of a child to be preserved in a special savings account called a blocked trust.[5] A trust that is not actively monitored can also be problematic, however, as in the case of Gary Coleman, who after working from 1974, later sued his adoptive parents and former business advisor for $3.8 million over misappropriation of his trust fund.[6][7]
Competitive pressure
Some people[who?] also criticize the parents of child actors for allowing their children to work, believing that more "normal" activities should be the staple during the childhood years. Others[who?] observe that competition is present in all areas of a childs life—from sports to student newspaper to orchestra and band—and believe that the work ethic instilled or the talent developed accrues to the childs benefit.[citation needed]
The child actor may experience unique and negative pressures when working under tight production schedules. Large projects which depend for their success on the ability of the child to deliver an effective performance add to the pressure.[citation needed]
Ethel Merman, who several times worked in long-running stage productions with child actors, disliked what she eventually saw as their over-professionalization—"acting more like midgets than children"—and disapproved of parents pushing adulthood on them.[8]
After the childhood success
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Jodie Foster in 1974
There are many instances of troubled adult lives due to the stressful environment to which child actors are subjected. It is common to see a child actor grow up in front of the camera, whether in films, TV shows or both. However, it is not uncommon to see child actors continue their careers throughout as actors or in a different professional field.
Jodie Foster started acting at age 3, becoming the quintessential child actor during the 1970s with roles in films such as Tom Sawyer (1973), Alice Doesnt Live Here Anymore (1974), Taxi Driver (1976), Bugsy Malone (1976), The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane (1976), and Freaky Friday (1976). A child prodigy, Foster received her first Academy Award nomination at age 13 and later took a sabbatical from films to attend Yale University. She made a successful transition to adult roles, winning two Academy Awards for Best Actress before the age of 30, and starring in several successful and acclaimed films such as The Accused (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Nell (1994), Maverick (1994), Contact (1997), and The Brave One (2007), thus establishing herself as one of the most accomplished and sought-after actresses of her generation. She has also ventured into directing and her directing credits include films such as Little Man Tate (1991), Money Monster (2016) and television shows such as House of Cards, Orange Is the New Black, and Black Mirror.
Now adults, Daniel Radcliffe, Rupert Grint and Emma Watson, the three leads of the acclaimed Harry Potter film series (2001–2011), starred in every installment in the series, and have since continued to act in film, television, and theater in their early 30s. 2010s, Greyson Chance, is an American singer-songwriter and musician
Dakota Fanning rose to prominence after her breakthrough performance at age 7 in the film I Am Sam (2001). Her performance earned her a Screen Actors Guild Award nomination at age 8 in 2002, making her the youngest nominee in SAG history. She later appeared in major Hollywood productions, in such acclaimed blockbuster films as Man on Fire (2004), War of the Worlds (2005), Charlottes Web (2006), Hounddog (2007), The Secret Life of Bees (2008), Coraline (2009), The Twilight Saga film series (2009–2012), The Runaways (2010), and The Motel Life (2012). Fannings younger sister, Elle Fanning also rose to prominence as a child actress, having appeared in many films since before she turned 3.
Miranda Cosgrove, known mainly for her role as Megan on the Nickelodeon sitcom Drake & Josh as a child, gained more attention for her role as a teenager in the show iCarly. Since the end of the show she has been featured in other roles, including as the voice of Margo in the Despicable Me franchise. Once she was of age, she decided to pursue a college degree in film at the University of Southern California.[9]
Late actress Shirley Temple became a public figure and diplomat, beginning in the 1960s. Some of her duties included representing the United Nations, and becoming a U.S. ambassador in countries such as Ghana and Czechoslovakia.[10]
Mary-Kate Olsen, who shared the role of Michelle Tanner with her twin sister Ashley on the ABC sitcom Full House, was treated for an eating disorder, deemed anorexia, but Ashley remained less troubled. In an article with the magazine Marie Claire, Mary-Kate expressed the bittersweet nature of the twins childhood. "I look at old photos of me, and I dont feel connected to them at all," she said. "I would never wish my upbringing on anyone... but I wouldnt take it back for the world." The twins eventually retired from acting to pursue a full-time career in the fashion industry, which, to this day, is continuously successful with an estimated net worth of approximately $100,000,000.[11][12]
Mandy Moore is one of the child stars to have success as an adult with the start of her growing career in 1993.
Drew Barrymore, a former child star, started acting at age 3. During her childhood she battled with drugs, but recovered and currently continues to act.
Natalie Portman took a small break in acting to get a bachelors degree in Psychology from Harvard University before continuing her career as an actress.
Rider Strong, known as "Shawn Hunter" in Boy Meets World, was educated at Columbia University and now runs a successful blog and has published a graphic novel.[13] Neil Patrick Harris started his career as a child actor in Doogie Howser, M.D. He continues to act in television, films and theater. Harris is now a cult figure icon.
Jonathan Lipnicki, known mostly for the Stuart Little films, now successfully competes in Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[13] Sara Gilbert is known for her role on Roseanne and later created and served as a co-host for CBSs The Talk. Also from Roseanne, Michael Fishman continued to work in film, but behind the scenes and has since been nominated for an Emmy for the work he did in Sports Science. Both Gilbert and Fishman returned for the later series based on Roseanne, The Conners, with Gilbert also serving as an executive producer and guiding the series through its transition after Roseanne Barr was fired after the tenth season of the revived Roseanne.[13] Kirsten Dunst and Lacey Chabert both made the transition from a child actress to an adult actress with a rough patch including depression. After a stay in a rehabilitation center, Dunst was able to recover and continue her career. She proves that the pressures of growing up under the spotlight may not come without repercussions.[14]
Roddy McDowall, who had a long and outstanding career including as the regular star of the Planet of the Apes series; Micky Dolenz, who started his career as a child star in the 1950s, grew up to be a musician of the successful 1960s pop group The Monkees, which had its own successful television show; Ron Howard, who, in addition to being the star of both of the long running The Andy Griffith Show and Happy Days television series, became an Academy Award-winning director in adulthood; Elijah Wood, who continued his career successfully into adulthood, starring as Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings film series and starring as Ryan Newman in the television series Wilfred.
Other careers
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Many actors and child actors careers are often quite short. Many actors, out of personal choice, that start their careers as child actors decide not to pursue the same careers as adults. Shirley Temple, for example, became a public figure and diplomat. Peter Ostrum, appearing in his only role, the lead character of Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory, became a large-scale veterinarian surgeon. While Jenny Lewis, formerly of film Troop Beverly Hills in 1989, is a well-known singer-songwriter indie rock musician. Renee Olstead became a Jazz musician.
In Poland, former child actors and identical twin brothers Lech and Jarosław Kaczyński became successful politicians, at one time Lech being president and Jarosław the prime minister.
See also
Actor
Acting age
List of child actors
Child labor
Lassie is an American television series that follows the adventures of a female Rough Collie dog named Lassie and her companions, both human and animal. The show was the creation of producer Robert Maxwell and animal trainer Rudd Weatherwax and was televised from September 12, 1954, to March 25, 1973. The eighth longest-running scripted U.S. primetime television series (after The Simpsons, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Gunsmoke, Law & Order, Family Guy, NCIS, and American Dad), the show ran for 17 seasons on CBS before entering first-run syndication for its final two seasons. Initially filmed in black and white, the show transitioned to color in 1965.
Production
Narration
Wrathers wife, Bonita Granville Wrather, who was the series associate producer, narrated numerous episodes throughout the run of the series, usually the beginning and/or ending of multi-part episodes.[1]
Writers
Many early episodes were written by Robert Maxwell under the pseudonym Claire Kennedy.[2] In later years, the writing partnership of Robert Schaefer and Eric Freiwald was responsible for over 150 episodes. They were also responsible for developing the idea of having Lassie with a forest ranger.[3]
Theme music
Lassie used several pieces of theme music during its long broadcast history. For the first season, "Secret of the Silent Hills (Theme from the Lassie TV series)", is used for both the opening and ending theme. Composed by William Lava, the orchestral theme was originally created for the 1940 radio show The Courageous Dr. Christian.[4]
For the second and third season a variation of this theme, titled simply "Lassie Main & End Title", was used for the opening and ending theme. Raoul Kraushaar, the music director for the series, is the listed composer for the theme; however the changes he made to the original are so slight that only a trained ear can tell the difference. The third theme used for the series is an orchestral rendition of the aria, "Dio Possente" (Even Bravest Hearts May Swell) from Charles Gounods opera, Faust. The exact time this theme started being used is uncertain due to conflicting records; however it is agreed that it was the third series, and was used for at least part of season four for the change of ownership of Lassie.[4]
The most famous of the Lassie theme songs appeared at the start of the fifth season. Copyrighted as "Lassie Main & End Title", the composer credit has never been definitively claimed to this day. The melody is whistled by Muzzy Marcellino. Nicknamed "The Whistler," it remained the series theme for the rest of the "Martin years". With the coming of the "Ranger years", the opening and ending theme was changed to an orchestral version of "The Whistler". Beginning in season 17 (where Lassie traveled alone), and continuing throughout the Holden Ranch era, the theme was changed again, this time to Nathan Scotts arrangement of the traditional folk tune Greensleeves, which became the series theme song for the rest of its run. For the final two seasons, the familiar closing visual of Lassie standing on a hill and lifting her paw, was replaced by the credits on a green background, and flashing from one slate to the other instead of scrolling as in most of the series run.[4] Television composer Nathan Scott scored the music to nearly every episode between 1963 and 1973,[5] except for four episodes.[6]
Plot and themes
Original series stars Jan Clayton (as Ellen Miller - top left), George Cleveland (as Gramps - top right), and Tommy Rettig (as Jeff Miller - at bottom with Lassie)
Original series stars Jan Clayton (as Ellen Miller - top left), George Cleveland (as Gramps - top right), and Tommy Rettig (as Jeff Miller - at bottom with Lassie)
From left to right - George Chandler (as Uncle Petrie), Jon Shepodd (the original Paul Martin), Jon Provost (as Timmy Martin) and Cloris Leachman (the original Ruth Martin) during season 4 when the show transitioned from the Millers to the Martins.
From left to right - George Chandler (as Uncle Petrie), Jon Shepodd (the original Paul Martin), Jon Provost (as Timmy Martin) and Cloris Leachman (the original Ruth Martin) during season 4 when the show transitioned from the Millers to the Martins.
Hugh Reilly and June Lockhart would take over as Paul and Ruth Martin from 1958-1964 (seasons 5-10)
Hugh Reilly and June Lockhart would take over as Paul and Ruth Martin from 1958-1964 (seasons 5-10)
After 10 seasons on the farm with the Millers and the Martins, the series shifted to Lassies adventures with the U.S. Forest Service during seasons 11-16, the bulk of that time featuring Robert Bray as Ranger Corey Stuart.
After 10 seasons on the farm with the Millers and the Martins, the series shifted to Lassies adventures with the U.S. Forest Service during seasons 11-16, the bulk of that time featuring Robert Bray as Ranger Corey Stuart.
Season 17 - the final CBS season - saw Lassie on her own, getting into different adventures each week. In seasons 18 and 19 (with the series airing in syndication), Lassie settled in at the Holden Ranch to close out the shows run.
Season 17 - the final CBS season - saw Lassie on her own, getting into different adventures each week. In seasons 18 and 19 (with the series airing in syndication), Lassie settled in at the Holden Ranch to close out the shows run.
The first 10 seasons of the series saw Lassie living on a farm, first with the Miller family (Jeff, his mother Ellen, and her father George - who was called "Gramps" by Jeff). Season 4 saw the Millers taking in young orphan Timmy, who then lived with them on the farm, as well as the unexpected death of Gramps, (reflecting the real life death of actor George Cleveland, who played the character), and with that the Millers moved off the farm, but Timmy and Lassie would stay behind with his new foster parents, Paul and Ruth Martin, who also took over the farm. All 10 of the Miller/Martin farm seasons would for the most part focus on "boy and his dog" adventures with Jeff or Timmy getting involved in some sort of trouble, and Lassie eventually coming to the rescue.
Seasons 11–16 were the "Ranger years" of the series, as Lassie (because she was not able to go to Australia with the Martins when Paul got a job teaching agriculture there) was taken in by U.S. Forest Ranger Corey Stuart (who appeared in a few episodes of season 10) and began to work with the U.S. Forest Service.[7] Color filming was exploited during the Ranger years with Lassie and her friends sent to exotic locations such as Sequoia National Forest and Monument Valley, creating miniature travelogues for viewers. Other rangers would be featured during the latter part of this era when Robert Bray (who played Stuart) left the series.[8]
For season 17, the program shifted gears again and became essentially an anthology series, with Lassie traveling on her own, getting into different adventures each week (similar in format to The Littlest Hobo and, later, to Heres Boomer). No explanation was given as to why Lassie was no longer with the Forest Service.[9] Some episodes during this final CBS season were animals only.
During seasons 18 and 19 (with the series having moved to first run syndication), Lassie was taken in by Garth Holden (played by Ron Hayes) who was in charge of the Holden Ranch – a home for orphaned boys – which he ran with his college-age son and his friend. This (somewhat) brought the show back to its roots by giving Lassie a farm/ranch home base, which is where she settled in for the final two years of the series.[10][11]
Episodes
Main article: List of Lassie episodes
SeasonSettingEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast airedNetwork
1
Miller years
(Jeffs Collie)26September 12, 1954March 6, 1955CBS
2
39September 11, 1955June 3, 1956
3
38September 9, 1956May 26, 1957
4
Martin years
(Timmy & Lassie)40September 8, 1957June 8, 1958
5
39September 7, 1958May 31, 1959
6
37September 6, 1959May 22, 1960
7
36September 11, 1960May 28, 1961
8
36September 10, 1961May 27, 1962
9
32September 30, 1962May 19, 1963
10
29September 29, 1963May 3, 1964
11
Ranger years33September 6, 1964May 16, 1965
12
32September 12, 1965May 1, 1966
13
30September 11, 1966April 30, 1967
14
28September 10, 1967March 24, 1968
15
28September 29, 1968April 13, 1969
16
22September 28, 1969March 8, 1970
17
On her own22September 20, 1970March 21, 1971
18
Holden Ranch years20October 7, 1971March 10, 1972Syndication
19
24September 16, 1972March 24, 1973
Characters and cast
Human leads
Tommy Rettig starred as Jeff Miller during the early years of the series (1954–1957), which were syndicated as Jeffs Collie
Jon Provost starred as Timmy Martin during the middle years of the series (1957–1964), which were syndicated as Timmy & Lassie
Robert Bray starred as Ranger Corey Stuart during the majority of the Forest Service years of the series from 1964–1968
Jack De Mave (left) and Jed Allan (right) starred as Rangers Bob Erickson and Scott Turner, respectively, during the later Forest Service years of the series from 1968–1970
Lassie traveled on her own in the final CBS season (1970–71), getting into various adventures before settling in at the Holden Ranch for the final two seasons of the series once it moved to first-run syndication. (1971–1973)
1954–1957: Miller Family (Jeffs Collie)
Ellen Miller – war-widowed farm woman (Jan Clayton)
Jeff Miller – Ellens eleven-year-old son (Tommy Rettig)
George "Gramps" Miller – Ellens father-in-law and Jeffs paternal grandfather (George Cleveland)
Sylvester "Porky" Brockway – a farm boy and Jeffs friend (Joey D. Vieira – using the stage name "Donald Keeler")
Constable Clay Horton – the sheriff (Richard Garland)
1957–1964: Martin Family (Timmy & Lassie)
Timmy Martin – a foster boy on the Miller farm (Jon Provost)
Paul Martin – a young farmer, Ruths husband and Timmys adoptive father (Jon Shepodd 1957–1958; Hugh Reilly 1958–1964)
Ruth Martin – Pauls wife and Timmys adoptive mother (Cloris Leachman 1957–1958; June Lockhart 1958–1964)
Petrie J. Martin – Pauls uncle (George Chandler) (1957–1959)
Cully Wilson – a neighbor of the Martins, who was a farmer and nature lover (Andy Clyde) (1959–1964)
Ralph "Boomer" Bates – a neighbor of the Martins who owned a dog named Mike and was Timmys best friend (Todd Ferrell) (1958–1959)
Scott Richards, another of Timmys friends (Kelly Junge Jr.) (1958)
1964–1970: U.S. Forest Service
Forest Ranger Corey Stuart (Robert Bray) (1964–1968)
Assistant Forest Ranger Hank Whitfield (Clyde Howdy)[12][13] (1964–1966)
Forest Ranger Bob Erickson (Jack De Mave) (1968–1970)
Forest Ranger Scott Turner (Jed Allan) (1968–1970)
1970–1971: Traveling on her own
No human leads
1971–1973: Holden Ranch
Garth Holden – director of the Holden Ranch (Ron Hayes)
Ron Holden – Garths son (Skip Burton)
Dale Mitchell – Rons friend (Larry Wilcox)
Keith Holden – Garths brother (Larry Pennell)
Lucy Baker – a deaf child living near the Holden Ranch (Pamelyn Ferdin)
Dog actors as Lassie
Pal (Pilot episodes)
Lassie Junior (1954–1959)
Spook (1960)
Baby (1960–1966)
Mire (1966–1971)
Hey Hey (1971–1973)
Media information
Broadcast history
First-run Lassie was televised September 12, 1954 to March 24, 1973 with its first 17 seasons airing on CBS Sundays at 7:00 p.m. EST. In 1971, in order to promote community-related programming among local affiliates, the Federal Communications Commission moved primetime Sundays to 8:00 P.M. EST with the institution of the Prime Time Access Rule. CBS executives felt Lassie would not be well received in a time slot other than its traditional 7:00 p.m. slot, and, with the networks other family programs set, the show was canceled.[11] (Lassie was among several shows that CBS canceled during this time period as part of a change in its target demographics.) Lassie then entered first-run syndication with Jack Wrather and Campbells Soup still on board, and remained on the air for another two years with its final episode airing in March 1973. All totaled, 591 episodes were produced.
An animated reworking, Lassies Rescue Rangers, followed in fall 1973, immediately after the original series ended (the pilot movie aired in 1972 while the live-action series was still on the air). Lassies Rescue Rangers was denounced by both Weatherwax and the National Association of Broadcasters, the latter of which made note of the animated series "violence, crime and stupidity."[14]
Later series
In 1973, ABC created an animated Saturday-morning animated program called Lassies Rescue Rangers produced by Filmation.[11]
In 1989, what was essentially a sequel series, The New Lassie – featuring Jon Provost as Steve McCullough – aired in first-run syndication. In its seventh episode ("Roots"), June Lockhart reprised her Ruth Martin role when Steve McCullough is revealed to be the adult Timmy Martin. It is revealed that Timmy was never properly adopted by the Martins and consequently was forced to remain in the U.S. when Ruth and Paul emigrated to Australia. Timmy was then subsequently adopted by the McCullough family and began going by his middle name Steven. In 1992, Tommy Rettig made a guest appearance in the final episode, "The Computer Study". This would be his last television appearance prior to his death in 1996.[15]
In 1997, a modified remake – also called Lassie – debuted, airing in the U.S. on the then new Animal Planet cable network. This show (which was filmed in Canada and set in Vermont) also revolved around a boy named Timmy and his dog, though differences in setting and character circumstances precluded it from being an exact remake of the original series.[16]
From 2014-present, a new animated series called Lassie or The New Adventures of Lassie was aired. Lassie lives with the Parker family, 10-year-old red-headed Zoe and her family, Ranger Graham Parker and Dr. Sarah Parker (a veterinarian), in the Grand Mountain National Park. Her best friend is Harvey Smith, whose mother Beth works in the park visitor center. Harveys late father was a mountain climber. The childrens antagonist is a snooty rich girl named Samantha Humphrey. Two seasons were done, the first with traditional drawn animation and the second season with computer-generated animation. The second season (tagged as Season 1) is available on Paramount Plus.
DVD releases
The series was released to DVD between 2001–2007.
DVD Name# EpRelease Date
Lassies Great Adventure5June 26, 2001
Lassie: Best of the Lassie Show3November 25, 2003
Lassie: Lassies Christmas Stories3November 25, 2003
Lassie: Best of Jeffs Collie3November 25, 2003
Lassie: Lassies Birthday Surprise3November 25, 2003
Lassie: Lassies Gift of Love3November 25, 2003
Lassie: 50th Anniversary Collection24September 14, 2004
Lassie: Flight of the Cougar3March 6, 2006
Lassie: A Mothers Love4May 1, 2007
Lassies Greatest Adventures Collection18September 17, 2019
Comics
The TV series was adapted into a comic officiel book by Dan Spiegle, distributed by Gold Key Comics.[17]
Reception
Ratings
Every year of its 17-year run on CBS, Lassie placed first in its time slot, Sunday 7:00 P.M. EST, and often ranked among the top 25 shows on television. The shows highest ranking years in the Nielsen ratings were the Martin years when the show placed #24 in 1957, #22 in 1958, #15 in 1959, #15 in 1961, #21 in 1962, #13 in 1963, and #17 in 1964. The only Martin year Lassie did not climb into the top twenty-five was 1960, when it ran opposite Walt Disney Presents on ABC and Shirley Temple Theater on NBC.[18] However, Lassie still ran opposite Disney when the Disney anthology television series moved to NBC in 1961, and still managed to climb into the Top 25. With the advent of the Forest Service seasons, the show began a steady decline in ratings.[19]
SeasonRank
1954–1955Not in the Top 30
1955–1956
1956–1957#24
1957–1958#22
1958–1959Not in the Top 30
1959–1960#29
1960–1961Not in the Top 30
1961–1962#15
1962–1963#19
1963–1964#12
1964–1965#17
1965–1966#27
1966–1967#33
1967–1968#30
1968–1969Not in the Top 30
1969–1970
1970–1971
Awards and honors
(All awards listed given during the time of, or specifically related to the TV series)
Two-time Emmy Award winner for Best Childrens Program (1955, 1956)[20]
1956 Peabody Award[21]
Three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Lassie – 1960, June Lockhart – 1960 for television, Jon Provost – 1994)
1967 U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Award (awarded to Lassie for promoting conservation during the series Forest Service era)[22]
Timmy Martins shirt, jeans, and Keds displayed at the Smithsonian Institution
Cultural impact
Jon Provost in a promotional photo for his autobiography Timmys in the Well! (essentially portraying "Timmy" reading to "Lassie").
Jon Provost called his autobiography Timmys in the Well! because a well was the one place Timmy never fell into—abandoned mine shafts, off cliffs, into rivers, lakes, and quicksand, but never a well.[23][24]
Mad parodied the show as "Lizzy", where it was revealed that the collie was actually a circus midget in a dog suit, while the real Lizzy was a dimwitted mutt. In an episode of The Flintstones ("Dino Goes Hollyrock"), the character Dino wins an appearance on the smash hit TV show "Sassie" starring a heavily made-up and snobby girl dinosaur and her Lassie-like adventures.[25]
Belgian comics artist Willy Vandersteen created his own version of the TV show with a collie named Bessy in 1954. Apart from the fact that his comic strip starred the same dog breed with a similar name, it had little to do with the series overall, since the comic was a Western comic.
The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin is an American childrens Western television series that aired 164 episodes from October 1954 to May 1959 on the ABC television network.
The show starred Lee Aaker as Rusty, a boy orphaned in an Indian raid, who was being raised by the soldiers at a US Cavalry post known as Fort Apache. Rusty and his German Shepherd dog, Rin Tin Tin, help the soldiers to establish order in the American West. James E. Brown appeared as Lieutenant Ripley "Rip" Masters. Co-stars included Joe Sawyer as Sergeant Biff OHara and Rand Brooks as Corporal Randy Boone.[1]
The character of Rin Tin Tin was named after Rin Tin Tin, a legendary screen dog of the 1920s and 1930s. The character was ostensibly played by Rin Tin Tin IV, who was either a descendant or related to the original dog. However, due to Rin Tin Tin IVs poor screen performance, the character was mostly performed by an unrelated dog, Flame Jr.[2]: 195
Synopsis
Rusty and his dog, Rin Tin Tin (Rinty), are the only survivors of an Indian raid on their wagon train. The boy and his dog are adopted by the 101st Cavalry at Fort Apache, Arizona, where Rusty is commissioned as an honorary corporal. Throughout the series, Rusty and Rinty help the cavalry and the nearby people to establish order in the American West.
Cast
Lee Aaker - Corporal Rusty "B-Company"
James Brown - Lt. Ripley Rip Masters
Rin Tin Tin IV/Flame Jr. - Rin Tin Tin
Joe Sawyer - Sgt. Biff OHara
Rand Brooks - Corporal Randy Boone
William Forrest - Major Swanson
Hal Hopper - Cpl. Clark
John Hoyt - Colonel Barker
Harry Strang - Sheriff
Dean Fredericks - Komawi
Mildred von Hollen - Mrs. Barrington
George Keymas - Black Billy
Ralph Moody - Silas Gunn
Tom McKee - Capt. Davis
William Fawcett - Captain Longey/Marshal George Higgins
Morris Ankrum - Chief Red Eagle
Lane Bradford - Barrows
Ernest Sarracino - Hamid Bey
Jack Littlefield - Karl
Dehl Berti - Katawa
Bill Hale - Cole Hogarth
Steven Ritch - Lone Hawk
Lee Roberts - Aaron Depew
Larry Chance - Apache Jack
Charles Stevens - Geronimo
Gordon Richards - Hubert Twombly
Pierre Watkin - The Vet
Tommy Farrell - Carpenter
Harry Hickox - John Carter
Andy Clyde - Homer Tubbs
Ed Hinton - Seth Ramsey
Patrick Whyte - McKenzie
Stanley Andrews - Ed Whitmore
Abel Fernandez - O-ye-tza
Louis Lettieri - Chief Pokiwah
Jan Arvan - Chief Running Horse
William Henry - Bill Anderson
Guest stars
Robert Fuller appeared as Stan in the 1958 episode "The Epidemic". Harry Cheshire appeared as Silas Mason in "The Misfit Marshal" (1959).
Brad Johnson (1924–1981) appeared in the role of John Quinn in the episode "The Iron Horse" (1955).
Robert Knapp was cast in the role of Allen in the 1955 episode "The Guilty One".
William Fawcett played an elderly marshal in four episodes, including the 1955 episode, "Higgins Rides Again".
Rico Alaniz appeared twice, as Big Elk in "Rin Tin Tin Meets OHaras Mother" and as Don Valdez in "The Invaders" (both 1956).
Other guest stars included Roscoe Ates and Dean Fredericks in six episodes. John M. Pickard appeared three times. Others included Ron Hagerthy, Ewing Mitchell, Ed Hinton, Lee Van Cleef and Harry Dean Stanton.
Episodes
Main article: List of The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin episodes
SeasonEpisodesOriginally aired
First airedLast aired
1
34October 15, 1954June 3, 1955
2
38September 9, 1955June 1, 1956
3
40September 7, 1956June 21, 1957
4
26September 20, 1957April 18, 1958
5
26September 19, 1958May 8, 1959
Production
Brown and Rin Tin Tin on a 1955 publicity postcard
Development
Producer Herbert Leonard got the idea for the show while shooting at the Corrigan Movie Ranch. He had taken his lunch at the Fort Apache set and got the idea for the entire format, but he needed to convince "Rinty" owner Lee Duncan to get the rights.[2]: 183 Leonard convinced Douglas Heyes to work on the script and they presented it to Duncan. Duncan and Leonard made the agreement to do the show over a handshake and an initial payment of ten dollars.[2]: 184
Casting
Three different German Shepherds were used as the titular character. Rin Tin Tin IV and one other dog were descended from the original "Rinty" of movie fame.[3]: 20 The other dog used was an unrelated dog named Flame, Jr. Due to Rin Tin Tin IVs poor screen performance, the character was mostly performed by Flame, Jr.[2]: 195
Filming
The episodes were filmed on a low budget, with Screen Gems limiting it to less than $50,000 per episode.[2]: 198 Outdoor action was shot largely at Corriganville Movie Ranch northwest of Los Angeles in Simi Valley, where the production made ample use of the facilitys set from the movie Fort Apache.[2]: 207 Additional action sequences were shot on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, known for its huge sandstone boulders and widely recognized as the most heavily filmed outdoor shooting location in the history of Hollywood.[citation needed]
The shows troupe of twelve character actors was often required to play multiple parts in the same episode, sometimes to the point of one actor fighting himself, wearing a cavalry uniform in one shot and an Apache outfit in another.[citation needed]
Themes
As a show targeting the youth audience, it not only displayed stories with action, but also included moral lessons. Actor James Brown explained, "Our stories simply taught that right was right and wrong was wrong."[4]
Broadcast
The show ran for five seasons on ABC on Friday evenings from October 1954 to May 1959. ABC reran the series on late afternoons from September 1959 to September 1961.[3] During its first season (1954-1955), The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin finished at number 23 in the Nielsen ratings, making it the second-highest rated series on ABC at the time behind Disneyland, which placed number six.[5]
Reruns ran on Saturdays on CBS from September 1962 until September 1964. A new package of reruns was shown in 1976, and continued into the mid-1980s. The original black-and-white prints were.
TIGRE TAFARA ENFANT AUTOGRAPHE LAISSEZ-LE AU CASTOR SIGNÉ RIN ÉTAIN officiel ÉTAIN LASSIE PHOTO
